Kidney Stones: Why They Hurt and How They Are Treated
Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidney. The pain people associate with them — severe, cramping, coming in waves from the flank towards the groin — usually happens when a stone moves into the narrow tube (ureter) draining the kidney. Small stones often pass on their own with fluids and pain relief; larger ones may need shock-wave treatment, an endoscopic procedure, or rarely surgery. The single most effective prevention is drinking enough water to keep urine pale.
The symptoms to recognise
- Severe, cramping pain in the back or side that moves towards the lower abdomen or groin.
- Blood in the urine, visible or on a test.
- Nausea and vomiting with the pain.
- Burning or difficulty passing urine, especially if a stone is near the bladder.
Why they form, especially here
The commonest driver in a hot climate is concentrated urine from not drinking enough water. High salt intake, a diet very high in oxalate (spinach, nuts, beets), and family history also contribute.
Prevention that works
Drink enough water to keep your urine pale yellow — often two and a half to three litres a day in hot weather. Reduce salt, and do not over-restrict calcium unless your doctor tells you to, as moderate dietary calcium is protective.
Common questions
Can kidney stones lead to kidney failure?
Repeated stones, obstruction, or infection can damage kidneys over time, but most stones do not lead to failure when treated promptly.
Is the pain always on one side?
Usually the pain is on one side, matching the affected kidney, though it can be felt more centrally as it moves lower.
Sources
- KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease — Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)
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